NURS 6521 Diabetes and Drug Treatments Essay

NURS 6521 Diabetes and Drug Treatments Essay

NURS 6521 Diabetes and Drug Treatments Essay

NURS 6521 Diabetes and Drug Treatments Sample Essay

Type 1 Diabetes (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune disorder caused by progressive T-cell mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells that produce insulin. In addition to the decline in β-cell mass caused by this phenomenon, the gradual loss of glucose sensitivity of the β-cells contributes to the deficient levels of insulin, causing hyperglycemia. T1DM is frequently diagnosed in childhood and has a peak incidence at 10–14 years (Sakran et al., 2022). Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic condition characterized by a relative insulin deficiency caused by a combination of deficient secretion, tissue insulin resistance, and inadequate compensatory mechanisms (Galicia-Garcia et al., 2020). Gestational diabetes is glucose intolerance that is diagnosed in the second or third trimester of pregnancy and is not obvious diabetes. Juvenile diabetes is type I diabetes that develops during infancy or childhood.

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T2DM is the most common type of diabetes. Metformin is the recommended first-line medication used to manage T2DM.  According to Draznin et al. (2022), Metformin is available in an immediate-release form for twice-daily dosing or as an extended-release form that for once-daily dosing. It is effective, safe, and inexpensive, and lowers the risk of cardiovascular events and death. Metformin as a first-line medication has beneficial effects on HbA1C, weight, and cardiovascular mortality. Metformin should be used alongside lifestyle modification, particularly diet modification to promote glycemic control.

The short-term impact of T2DM is hypoglycemia and Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic non-ketotic syndrome. The long-term impact of T2DM includes diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and microvascular disorders. These complications are attributed to inadequate glycemic control that results in chronic hyperglycemia (Galicia-Garcia et al., 2020). The primary side effects of metformin are gastrointestinal intolerance seen with abdominal discomfort, bloating, and diarrhea (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021). The side effects can be mitigated by gradual dose titration. Metformin is also associated with lactic acidosis, which is a rare complication.  The drug can be safely administered in patients with reduced estimated glomerular filtration rates.

References

Draznin, B., Aroda, V. R., Bakris, G., Benson, G., Brown, F. M., Freeman, R., … & Kosiborod, M. (2022). 9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: standards of medical care in diabetes-2022. Diabetes care, 45(Supplement_1), S125-S143.  https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-S009

Galicia-Garcia, U., Benito-Vicente, A., Jebari, S., Larrea-Sebal, A., Siddiqi, H., Uribe, K. B., Ostolaza, H., & Martín, C. (2020). Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(17), 6275. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176275

Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2021). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice nurses and physician assistants (2nd ed.) St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.

Sakran, N., Graham, Y., Pintar, T., Yang, W., Kassir, R., Willigendael, E. M., … & Pouwels, S. (2022). The many faces of diabetes. Is there a need for re-classification? A narrative review. BMC endocrine disorders, 22, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-021-00927-y

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DIABETES AND DRUG TREATMENTS

Each year, 1.5 million Americans are diagnosed with diabetes (American Diabetes Association, 2019). If left untreated, diabetic patients are at risk for several alterations, including heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, neuropathy, and blindness. There are various methods for treating diabetes, many of which include some form of drug therapy. The type of diabetes as well as the patient’s behavior factors will impact treatment recommendations.

For this Discussion, you compare types of diabetes, including drug treatments for type 1, type 2, gestational, and juvenile diabetes.

Reference: American Diabetes Association. (2019). Statistics about diabetes. Retrieved from http://diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/statistics/

RESOURCES

 

Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
Click the weekly resources link to access the resources.

WEEKLY RESOURCES

LEARNING RESOURCES

Required Readings

• Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2021). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice nurses and physician assistants (2nd ed.) St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
  • Chapter 48, “Drugs for Diabetes Mellitus” (pp. 397–415)
  • Chapter 49, “Drugs for Thyroid Disorders” (pp. 416–424)
• American Diabetes Association. (2018). Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: Standards of medical care in diabetesLinks to an external site.—2018. Diabetes Care, 41(Supplement 1), S73–S85. Retrieved from http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/41/supplement_1/s73.full-text.pdf

  This article provides guidance on pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment as it pertains to treating patients with diabetes. Reflect on the content of this article as you continue to examine potential drug treatments for patients with diabetes.

• Document: Mid-Term Summary & Study Guide (PDF)Download Mid-Term Summary & Study Guide (PDF)

Required Media

• Speed Pharmacology. (2017). Drugs for Diabetes (Made Easy)Links to an external site. [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWDQyaKVols&t=79s

  Note: This media program is approximately 17 minutes

To Prepare:

• Review the Resources for this module and reflect on differences between types of diabetes, including type 1, type 2, gestational, and juvenile diabetes.
• Select one type of diabetes to focus on for this Discussion.
• Consider one type of drug used to treat the type of diabetes you selected, including proper preparation and administration of this drug. Then, reflect on dietary considerations related to treatment.
• Think about the short-term and long-term impact of the diabetes you selected on patients, including effects of drug treatments.

BY DAY 3 OF WEEK 5

Post a brief explanation of the differences between the types of diabetes, including type 1, type 2, gestational, and juvenile diabetes. Describe one type of drug used to treat the type of diabetes you selected, including proper preparation and administration of this drug. Be sure to include dietary considerations related to treatment. Then, explain the short-term and long-term impact of this type of diabetes on patients. including effects of drug treatments. Be specific and provide examples.

BY DAY 6 OF WEEK 5

Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses and respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days who selected a different type of diabetes than you did. Provide recommendations for alternative drug treatments and patient education strategies for treatment and management.

Note: For this Discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the Reply button to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click on Post Reply, you cannot delete or edit your own posts and you cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking on Post Reply!

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NURS_6521_Week5_Discussion_Rubric

NURS_6521_Week5_Discussion_Rubric

Criteria	Ratings	Pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeMain Posting	50 to >44.5 ptsExcellent Answers all parts of the discussion question(s) expectations with reflective critical analysis and synthesis of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module and current credible sources. …Supported by at least three current, credible sources….Written clearly and concisely with no grammatical or spelling errors and fully adheres to current APA manual writing rules and style. 44.5 to >39.5 ptsGood Responds to the discussion question(s) and is reflective with critical analysis and synthesis of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module. …At least 75% of post has exceptional depth and breadth. …Supported by at least three credible sources….Written clearly and concisely with one or no grammatical or spelling errors and fully adheres to current APA manual writing rules and style. 39.5 to >34.5 ptsFair Responds to some of the discussion question(s). …One or two criteria are not addressed or are superficially addressed. …Is somewhat lacking reflection and critical analysis and synthesis. …Somewhat represents knowledge gained from the course readings for the module. …Post is cited with two credible sources….Written somewhat concisely; may contain more than two spelling or grammatical errors. …Contains some APA formatting errors. 34.5 to >0 ptsPoor Does not respond to the discussion question(s) adequately….Lacks depth or superficially addresses criteria. …Lacks reflection and critical analysis and synthesis. …Does not represent knowledge gained from the course readings for the module. …Contains only one or no credible sources….Not written clearly or concisely. …Contains more than two spelling or grammatical errors. …Does not adhere to current APA manual writing rules and style.	50 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeMain Post: Timeliness	10 ptsExcellent Posts main post by day 3 0 ptsPoor Does not post by day 3	10 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeFirst Response	18 to >16.02 ptsExcellent Response exhibits synthesis, critical thinking, and application to practice settings. …Responds fully to questions posed by faculty. …Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by at least two scholarly sources. …Demonstrates synthesis and understanding of learning objectives….Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues. ….Responses to faculty questions are fully answered, if posed. …Response is effectively written in standard, edited English. 16.02 to >14.22 ptsGood Response exhibits synthesis, critical thinking, and application to practice settings. …Responds fully to questions posed by faculty. …Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by at least two scholarly sources. …Demonstrates synthesis and understanding of learning objectives….Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues. ….Responses to faculty questions are fully answered, if posed. …Response is effectively written in standard, edited English. 14.22 to >12.42 ptsFair Response is on topic and may have some depth….Responses posted in the discussion may lack effective professional communication. …Responses to faculty questions are somewhat answered, if posed. …Response may lack clear, concise opinions and ideas, and a few or no credible sources are cited. 12.42 to >0 ptsPoor Response may not be on topic and lacks depth….Responses posted in the discussion lack effective professional communication. …Responses to faculty questions are missing. …No credible sources are cited.	18 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeSecond Response	17 to >15.13 ptsExcellent Response exhibits synthesis, critical thinking, and application to practice settings….Responds fully to questions posed by faculty. …Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by at least two scholarly sources. …Demonstrates synthesis and understanding of learning objectives….Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues. ….Responses to faculty questions are fully answered, if posed. …Response is effectively written in standard, edited English. 15.13 to >13.43 ptsGood Response exhibits critical thinking and application to practice settings….Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues. …Responses to faculty questions are answered, if posed. …Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by two or more credible sources. …Response is effectively written in standard, edited English. 13.43 to >11.73 ptsFair Response is on topic and may have some depth….Responses posted in the discussion may lack effective professional communication. …Responses to faculty questions are somewhat answered, if posed. …. Response may lack clear, concise opinions and ideas, and a few or no credible sources are cited. 11.73 to >0 ptsPoor Response may not be on topic and lacks depth….Responses posted in the discussion lack effective professional communication. …Responses to faculty questions are missing. …No credible sources are cited.	17 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeParticipation	5 ptsExcellent Meets requirements for participation by posting on three different days. 0 ptsPoor Does not meet requirements for participation by posting on 3 different days