HLT 205 U.S. Health Care History and Foundations Essay

HLT 205 U.S. Health Care History and Foundations Essay

HLT 205 U.S. Health Care History and Foundations Essay

U.S. Health Care History and Foundations

Health care delivery is an evolving practice with significant developments over time. Understanding the historical developments is a foundation of better knowledge of how the health care system works and potential changes as time advances. Amid health care evolution, influential persons have made massive contributions that have shaped the health practice multi-dimensionally. The purpose of this paper is to explore significant dates, major developments, and the link between health determinants and population health.

Significant Dates in the History of Health Care

Important Eras and Impacts (Harvard Medical School, 2023)

Significant Date: 1799 (small pox vaccine) Explanation: Benjamin Waterhouse discovered the smallpox vaccine, paving the way for advanced procedures for disease control (Esparza, 2020). Significant Date: 1846 (anesthesia discovery) Explanation: John Collins demonstrated the use of anesthesia in surgery Significant Date: 1922- insulin discovery Explanation: Eliott Joslin introduced insulin in diabetes care, subsequently establishing the Joslin Diabetes Center (Barbetti & Taylor, 2019; Harvard Medical School, 2023). Significant Date: pap smear- 1945 Explanation: a major discovery for the detection of cervical cancer. Significant Date: 1954 (oral contraceptives) Explanation: the discovery paved the way for effective birth control. Significant Date: 1964 (human blood storage) Explanation: helped to maintain blood quality hence saving lives. Significant Date: 1968 (telemedicine) Explanation: this was a great discovery for facilitating remote health care delivery. Significant Date: 1979 (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) Explanation: a vital discovery for diagnosing illness and injury. Significant Date: 1990s (cancer therapy) Explanation: Alfred Goldberg and colleagues initiated the basic investigations for proteasome-inhibiting cancer therapy. Significant Date: 2003 (multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment) Explanation: research by the Global Health and Social Medicine demonstrated how multidrug-resistant tuberculosis could be treated via community-based treatment models. Significant Date: 2003 (source of preeclampsia) Explanation: Israel Deaconess researchers established the cause of preeclampsia, a leading cause of pregnancy complications worldwide.

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Link between Health Determinants and Population Health

All populations deserve equitable care that does not discriminate against them based on race, religion, culture, and other factors. Inevitably, people live in communities with varying resources, vulnerabilities, and health promotion practices. Health determinants are a leading cause of this variance and majorly comprise circumstances and the environment. To a large extent, determinants of health entail people’s geographic locations, genetics, social relationships, and conditions of their environment (Zhang & Xiang, 2019). From a health dimension, outcomes are multidimensional since populations experience health and illness differently depending on their knowledge, attitude, and access to essential services. The implication is that health outcomes will always vary across populations due to the inevitable differences in health determinants.

A close evaluation of selected health determinants can effectively demonstrate their impacts on population health. For instance, income and social status differences contribute to health disparities that cannot be overlooked when evaluating population health. Health research shows that people with a higher income have better health incomes than low-income populations (Zhang & Xiang, 2019). A high income allows people to access and afford health care services when needed. It also allows them to participate in multiple health promotion practices, including timely screening and healthy eating. Consequently, a wider gap between populations’ incomes contributes to a proportional difference in their health.

Other significant health determinants include education and the physical environment. Like income levels, low education levels are associated with poor health and high-stress levels (Raghupathi & Raghupathi, 2020). It also impedes healthy living since people adopt inappropriate health promotion interventions. Consequently, low education levels increase the need for population-centered health promotion programs to prevent diseases in such populations. The physical environment includes safe communities, working conditions, and access to safe water and clean air. In many areas, unsafe water and air increase infection rates, lowering the community’s health scores overall. Airborne diseases like pulmonary tuberculosis are widespread in areas with poor air quality (Dimala & Kadia, 2022). The inevitable differences across communities prompt interventions and health promotion programs specific to people’s needs. A communal approach to these problems is vital to preventing disparities and improving the effectiveness of the recommended solutions.

The Future of Health Care

Health care delivery continues evolving multi-dimensionally. Health care reforms address issues revolving around equity, value, and quality of care. Their continuous and effective implementation will be instrumental in the evolution of future health care through more accessibility and value. In the current practice, reforms through the Affordable Care Act (ACA) have improved insurance coverage for low-income populations (Buettgens et al., 2021). Expanding the coverage will continue increasing health care access since more people will afford health care services. More value will be achieved through reforms focusing on value-based care. The basic principle of value-based care is compensation based on health outcomes instead of care volume (Teisberg et al., 2020). Consequently, health care professionals will focus more on higher efficiency and quality to achieve the desired outcomes. Amid these developments, population health needs will prompt more innovation to improve access and care quality. Such innovations include telehealth to ensure rural and marginalized communities can access health care services promptly and conveniently.

Conclusion

Health care history is diverse, and nursing practitioners should be conversant with its developments over time. The significant dates in the history of health care demonstrate major discoveries that were instrumental in advancing health care. As other contributions continue impacting health care, further advancement through reforms is inevitable. Therefore, outcomes such as increased access and more focus on value-based care should be expected.

References

Barbetti, F., & Taylor, S. I. (2019). Insulin: still a miracle after all these years. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 129(8), 3045–3047. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI130310

Buettgens, M., Blavin, F., & Pan, C. (2021). The Affordable Care Act Reduced Income Inequality In The US: Study examines the ACA and income inequality. Health Affairs, 40(1), 121-129. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2019.00931

Dimala, C. A., & Kadia, B. M. (2022). A systematic review and meta-analysis on the association between ambient air pollution and pulmonary tuberculosis. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 11282. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15443-9

Esparza, J. (2020). Three different paths to introduce the smallpox vaccine in early 19th century United States. Vaccine, 38(12), 2741–2745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.077

Harvard Medical School. (2023). Timeline of discovery. https://hms.harvard.edu/about-hms/history-hms/timeline-discovery

Raghupathi, V., & Raghupathi, W. (2020). The influence of education on health: an empirical assessment of OECD countries for the period 1995–2015. Archives of Public Health, 78(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-020-00402-5

Teisberg, E., Wallace, S., & O’Hara, S. (2020). Defining and implementing value-based health care: a strategic framework. Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 95(5), 682–685. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000003122

Zhang, S., & Xiang, W. (2019). Income gradient in health-related quality of life—The role of social networking time. International Journal for Equity In Health, 18(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-019-0942-1

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Assessment Traits

Requires Lopes write

Assessment Description

It is essential to be able to identify, examine, and understand the history and foundations of health care in the United States, as this will be the foundation for understanding health care systems though this course and in practice.

For this assignment, you will need to display a thorough understanding of the framework for and dates of events regarding health care in the United States, while clearly demonstrating the impact and importance that these events have had in the medical field.

You will create a chart that includes a minimum of 10 significant dates in the history of health care. In your timeline, make sure to include the following:

1. Important events or eras in health care and their impact.
2. Major figures and their contributions to health care.
3. The formation of the various health-related organizations.
4. Major medical advancements or discoveries.

In addition to the chart, write a 500-word paper that identifies the determinants of health and their relationship to defining population health needs. Looking forward, predict how current health care reform policies, coupled with population health needs, will impact the future of health care.

A minimum of two references, in addition to your textbook, are required for this assignment.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.

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Rubric Criteria

Collapse All Rubric CriteriaCollapse All

History of Health Care Timeline

33 points

Criteria Description

History of Health Care Timeline

5. 5: Excellent

33 points

Timeline clearly, thoroughly, and insightfully identifies major events, figures, health-related organizations, or medical advancements or discoveries.

4. 4: Good

28.05 points

Timeline clearly and thoroughly identifies major events, figures, health-related organizations, or medical advancements or discoveries.

3. 3: Satisfactory

24.75 points

Timeline identifies major events, figures, health-related organizations, or medical advancements or discoveries.

2. 2: Less Than Satisfactory

21.45 points

Timeline vaguely identifies major events, figures, health-related organizations, or medical advancements or discoveries.

1. 1: Unsatisfactory

0 points

Timeline does not identify major events, figures, health-related organizations, or medical advancements or discoveries.

Determinants of Health and Population Health Needs

27.5 points

Criteria Description

Determinants of Health and Population Health Needs

5. 5: Excellent

27.5 points

Essay clearly, thoroughly, and insightfully identifies determinants of health and their relationship to defining population health needs.

4. 4: Good

23.38 points

Essay clearly and thoroughly identifies determinants of health and their relationship to defining population health needs.

3. 3: Satisfactory

20.63 points

Essay identifies determinants of health and their relationship to defining population health needs.

2. 2: Less Than Satisfactory

17.88 points

Essay vaguely identifies determinants of health and their relationship to defining population health needs.

1. 1: Unsatisfactory

0 points

Essay does not identify determinants of health and their relationship to defining population health needs.

Impact of Current Policies and Population Health Needs on the Future of Health Care

27.5 points

Criteria Description

Impact of Current Policies and Population Health Needs on the Future of Health Care

5. 5: Excellent

27.5 points

Essay clearly, thoroughly, and insightfully considers how current health care reform policies and population health needs will impact the future of health care.

4. 4: Good

23.38 points

Essay clearly and thoroughly considers how current health care reform policies and population health needs will impact the future of health care.

3. 3: Satisfactory

20.63 points

Essay considers how current health care reform policies and population health needs will impact the future of health care.

2. 2: Less Than Satisfactory

17.88 points

Essay vaguely considers how current health care reform policies and population health needs will impact the future of health care.

1. 1: Unsatisfactory

0 points

Essay does not consider how current health care reform policies and population health needs will impact the future of health care.

Thesis Development and Purpose

6.6 points

Criteria Description

Thesis Development and Purpose

5. 5: Excellent

6.6 points

Thesis is comprehensive and contains the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear.

4. 4: Good

5.61 points

Thesis is clear and forecasts the development of the paper. Thesis is descriptive and reflective of the arguments and appropriate to the purpose.

3. 3: Satisfactory

4.95 points

Thesis is apparent and appropriate to purpose.

2. 2: Less Than Satisfactory

4.29 points

Thesis is insufficiently developed or vague. Purpose is not clear.

1. 1: Unsatisfactory

0 points

Paper lacks any discernible overall purpose or organizing claim.

Paragraph Development and Transitions

6.6 points

Criteria Description

Paragraph Development and Transitions

5. 5: Excellent

6.6 points

There is a sophisticated construction of paragraphs and transitions. Ideas progress and relate to each other. Paragraph and transition construction guide the reader. Paragraph structure is seamless.

4. 4: Good

5.61 points

A logical progression of ideas between paragraphs is apparent. Paragraphs exhibit a unity, coherence, and cohesiveness. Topic sentences and concluding remarks are appropriate to purpose.

3. 3: Satisfactory

4.95 points

Paragraphs are generally competent, but ideas may show some inconsistency in organization or in their relationship to each other.

2. 2: Less Than Satisfactory

4.29 points

Some paragraphs and transitions may lack logical progression of ideas, unity, coherence, or cohesiveness. Some degree of organization is evident.

1. 1: Unsatisfactory

0 points

Paragraphs and transitions consistently lack unity and coherence. No apparent connections between paragraphs are established. Transitions are inappropriate to purpose and scope. Organization is disjointed.

Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, and language use)

5.5 points

Criteria Description

Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, and language use)

5. 5: Excellent

5.5 points

The writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.

4. 4: Good

4.68 points

Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. The writer uses a variety of effective sentence structures and figures of speech.

3. 3: Satisfactory

4.13 points

Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but they are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct and varied sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are employed.

2. 2: Less Than Satisfactory

3.58 points

Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language or word choice are present. Sentence structure is correct but not varied.

1. 1: Unsatisfactory

0 points

Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice or sentence construction is employed.

Paper Format (use of appropriate style for the major and assignment)

1.1 points

Criteria Description

Paper Format (use of appropriate style for the major and assignment)

5. 5: Excellent

1.1 points

All format elements are correct.

4. 4: Good

0.94 points

Appropriate template is fully used. There are virtually no errors in formatting style.

3. 3: Satisfactory

0.83 points

Appropriate template is used, and formatting is correct, although some minor errors may be present.

2. 2: Less Than Satisfactory

0.72 points

Appropriate template is used, but some elements are missing or mistaken; lack of control with formatting is apparent.

1. 1: Unsatisfactory

0 points

Appropriate template is not used appropriately, or documentation format is rarely followed correctly.

Documentation of Sources

2.2 points

Criteria Description

Documentation of Sources (citations, footnotes, references, bibliography, etc., as appropriate to assignment and style)

5. 5: Excellent

2.2 points

Sources are completely and correctly documented appropriately to assignment and style, and formatting is free of error.

4. 4: Good

1.87 points

Sources are documented, appropriately to assignment and style, and formatting is mostly correct.

3. 3: Satisfactory

1.65 points

Sources are documented appropriately for to assignment and style, although some formatting errors may be present.

2. 2: Less Than Satisfactory

1.43 points

Documentation of sources is inconsistent or incorrect according to assignment and style; contains numerous formatting errors.

1. 1: Unsatisfactory

0 points

Sources are not documented.