NURS 6052 Week 3 Assignment Evidence-Based Project Part 1 Identifying Research Methodologies PATRICIA Essay

Matrix Worksheet Template

Use this document to complete Part 2 of the Module 2 Assessment, Evidence-Based Project, Part 1: An Introduction to Clinical Inquiry, and Part 2: Research Methodologies

The clinical issue of interest is cognitive decline in mild-moderate Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is characterized by progressive deterioration of cognitive function. The decline in cognitive function causes cognitive deficits, characterized by short-term memory, language dysfunction, poor judgment, impaired reasoning, difficulty managing complex tasks, and visuospatial dysfunction (Berg-Weger & Stewart, 2017). Cognitive training has been proposed as an effective strategy to improve cognitive function in AD. This matrix will analyze four peer-reviewed articles that examine the impact of cognitive training on cognitive function in AD patients.

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Full citation of the selected article

Article #1

Article #2

Article #3

Article #4

Kang, M. J., Kim, S. M., Han, S. E., Bae, J. H., Yu, W. J., Park, M. Y., Ku, S., & Yang, Y. (2019). Effect of Paper-Based Cognitive Training in Early Stage of Alzheimer’s Dementia. Dementia and neurocognitive disorders, 18(2), 62–68. https://doi.org/10.12779/dnd.2019.18.2.62

Weng, W., Liang, J., Xue, J., Zhu, T., Jiang, Y., Wang, J., & Chen, S. (2019). The transfer effects of cognitive training on working memory among Chinese older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 11, 212.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00212

Huntley, J. D., Hampshire, A., Bor, D., Owen, A., & Howard, R. J. (2017). Adaptive working memory strategy training in early Alzheimer’s disease: randomized controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 210(1), 61-66. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.116.182048

Giovagnoli, A. R., Manfredi, V., Parente, A., Schifano, L., Oliveri, S., & Avanzini, G. (2017). Cognitive training in Alzheimer’s disease: a controlled randomized study. Neurological Sciences, 38(8), 1485-1493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-017-3003-9

Why you chose this article and/or how it relates to the clinical issue of interest (include a brief explanation of the ethics of research related to your clinical issue of interest)

· I chose the article by Kang et al. (2019) because it explores how cognitive training can promote positive outcomes in the cognitive domain of persons diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

· The article relates to my clinical issue of interest since I seek to identify non-pharmacological interventions that can be used to improve cognitive functioning in mild-moderate AD.

· Non-pharmacological interventions, such as cognitive stimulation, training, and rehabilitation have been examined as possible measures to prevent and manage AD.

· The Medical Research Ethics Committee of the Veteran Health Service Medical Center approved the study.

· The Weng et al. (2019) article relates to my clinical issue on enhancing cognitive functioning in mild and moderate AD since it establishes that the cognitive training impact on working memory can convey to other untrained aspects, including executive function, which in turn improves ability of daily living.

· Thus, cognitive training can be used to improve memory, attention, language, and executive functioning in mild and moderate AD.

· The study was conducted in line with recommendations from the Human Subjects Review Committee of Zhejiang University. All participants provided written informed consent in line with the Declaration of Helsinki. The protocol was authorized by the Human Subjects Review Committee of Zhejiang University.

· Huntley et al. (2017) relate to my clinical issue of interest since it seeks to identify interventions that enhance cognitive function in AD.

· The NRES Committee East of England-Cambridge East approved the study.

· All subjects provided written informed consent to be part of the study.

· The Giovagnoli et al. (2017) article was selected because it assesses the impact of cognitive training on AD patients. The study aligns with my clinical issue of interest since it examines if cognitive training impacts cognitive function in mild and moderate AD as well as other aspects such as mood, and social relationships, which are often affected in AD.

· The Institutional Review Boards authorized the study as per the Declaration of Helsinki. All subjects gave informed consent.

Brief description of the aims of the research of each peer-reviewed article

· The research sought to develop groups of cognitive training programs termed “Gipum-seo”. This is an integrated cognitive training, with varying complexity levels that employs pre-developed paper-and-pencil exercises (Kang et al., 2019).

· The study sought to assess the cognitive training program’s impact in early AD.

· The research examined the transfer impact of cognitive training on the working memory of elderly Chinese with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

· The study focused on working memory since it is an essential cognitive function that supports various cognitive complex functions.

· The study aimed to examine the effect of a novel cognitive training paradigm derived from ‘chunking’ on enhancing working memory and cognitive function.

· It also sought to examine if the paradigm is connected with the re-organization of functional activity in parietal and prefrontal cortices.

· The study compared the impact of cognitive training, to active music therapy and neuroeducation (NE), on individuals’ initiative in mild and moderate AD.

· The study also examined the impact of cognitive training on periodic memory, mood, and social interactions.

Brief description of the research methodology used Be sure to identify if the methodology used was qualitative, quantitative, or a mixed-methods approach. Be specific.

· The study employed a randomized control trial to assess the effectiveness of the paper-based cognitive training program in cognition.

· Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group or a control group.

· Participants in the experimental group attended 24 sessions of paper-based cognitive training for 12-weeks.

· A quantitative method was employed to evaluate the cognitive function change in the experimental and control group.

· The researchers conducted a randomized control trial.

· A quantitative method was used to measure the impact of cognitive training on cognitive functions, such as working memory, reasoning ability, verbal ability, executive function, and comprehensive ability.

· The study used a randomized control trial.

· Participants were randomly assigned to adaptive chunking training or active control training.

· A quantitative method was used to measure the effects of adaptive chunking training and an active control measure.

· The research employed a controlled randomized single-blind study. A quantitative approach was employed to measure the impact of cognitive training, against active music therapy and neuro-education.

A brief description of the strengths of each of the research methodologies used, including reliability and validity of how the methodology was applied in each of the peer-reviewed articles you selected.

· The randomized control trial strength include its excellent internal validity

· The research methodology is reliable since it produced consistent results with other studies that have established cognitive training as beneficial in improving general functioning in the early stage of AD.

· In addition, the methodology was valid since it adequately evaluated the impact of cognitive training on patients with early-stage AD, which is in line with the purpose of the study.

· The study applied a randomized control trial whose strength lies in its ability to compare two therapy modalities.

· The methodology is reliable since it produced consistent results with previous studies that show that cognitive training improves cognitive function.

· Validity was applied since the methodology measures what it was supposed to measure.

· The randomized control trial helped to compare the two interventions of adaptive chunking training and active control, to determine the most effective approach.

· The research methodology is reliable since the results are consistent with other studies that have established that chunking enables the working memory to grasp complex mental images.

· The validity of the research methodology is evident since it effectively tests if cognitive training derived from chunking enhances working memory and overall cognitive function.

· The study used a randomized control trial, which effectively compared two therapy interventions, cognitive training versus active music therapy and neuroeducation.

· The methodology is reliable since it produced results that were consistent with previous studies that establish that cognitive training enhances initiative and stabilizes memory.

· Besides, its validity is evident since it adequately compared the effects of the two modalities as stated in the purpose statement.

General Notes/Comments

· Cognitive training enhances cognitive functioning in various areas including attention, language, and executive function.

· Bearing in mind the few pharmacological treatments approved for AD, simultaneous cognitive training can be a substitute therapy option since it is simple and easily accessible.

· Cognitive training can be a useful non-pharmacological intervention to use in patients exhibiting symptoms of mild and moderate AD and can help slow the progression of cognitive decline in these patients.

· Cognitive training using verbal chunking strategies can be used in AD patients to improve their trained verbal working memory task, overall cognitive, and verbal episodic memory.

· It can be used in patients in the early AD stage to enhance cognitive function.

· Cognitive training can be incorporated into the treatment plan of persons with mild and moderate AD since it improves initiative and stabilizes memory. In addition, non-cognitive therapies can be used to improve a patient’s psychosocial aspects.

Conclusion

The above articles examined the impact of cognitive training in improving cognitive functioning in AD patients. From the analysis, we can conclude that cognitive training is a useful non-pharmacological intervention that can be implemented in patients with mild and moderate AD to slow cognitive decline. Cognitive training has been effective in improving cognitive functioning in areas of attention, language, and executive function. It should thus be incorporated in treatment plans of AD patients.
References

Berg-Weger, M., & Stewart, D. B. (2017). Non-pharmacologic Interventions for Persons with Dementia. Missouri medicine, 114(2), 116–119.

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Part 1: Identifying Research Methodologies

After reading each of the four peer-reviewed articles you selected, use the Matrix Worksheet template to analyze the methodologies applied in each of the four peer-reviewed articles. Your analysis should include the following:

The full citation of each peer-reviewed article in APA format.
A brief (1-paragraph) statement explaining why you chose this peer-reviewed article and/or how it relates to your clinical issue of interest, including a brief explanation of the ethics of research related to your clinical issue of interest.
A brief (1-2 paragraph) description of the aims of the research of each peer-reviewed article.
A brief (1-2 paragraph) description of the research methodology used. Be sure to identify if the methodology used was qualitative, quantitative, or a mixed-methods approach. Be specific.
A brief (1- to 2-paragraph) description of the strengths of each of the research methodologies used, including reliability and validity of how the methodology was applied in each of the peer-reviewed articles you selected.

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