NRS 410 DISCUSS THE CHARACTERSISTIC FINDINGS OF IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION FOR EITHER HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS

NRS 410 DISCUSS THE CHARACTERSISTIC FINDINGS OF IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION FOR EITHER HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS

Characteristic Findings for Hypersensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity reactions are undesirable conditions resulting from the normal immune system when it overreacts, causing harmful effects on the body. There are four types of hypersensitivity reactions:Type I or anaphylactic reactions, type II or cytotoxic reactions, type III or immune complex reactions, and cell-mediated or type IV reactions (Zito et al., 2021). Type I reactions occur when environmental allergens bind to basophils and mast cells, causing their degranulation, releasing histamine, which evokes immune reactions and inflammation. Type I reactions are seen in food allergies, bronchial asthma, anaphylactic shock, allergic dermatitis, and rhinitis (Son et al., 2018). Type II reactions are seen in hemolytic anemia, autoimmune thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia(Zito et al., 2021). Type III reactions are seen in serum sickness, while type IV reactions are seen in graft rejections and contact dermatitis (Marwa & Kondamudi, 2021). Different conditions manifest differently.

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Symptoms

In anaphylactic reactions, patients have a history of allergic conditions. Clinically, patients present with wheezing attacks, tachycardia, tachypnea, rhinorrhea, dermatitis, airway inflammation, intense nasal and ocular itching, sneezing, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness(Son et al., 2018). Anaphylaxis is the severest allergy that presents with nausea, angioedema, hypotension, abdominal cramping, loss of consciousness, widespread skin rash, bronchospasm, and vomiting (Atanaskovic‐Markovic et al., 2019). Type II hypersensitive reactions present as autoimmunity, for instance,immune thrombocytopenia manifested in bleeding disorders, hemolytic anemia characterized by jaundice, and other blood dyscrasia such as neutropenia(Zito et al., 2021). Type III reactions present as complex immune diseases such as arthritis, serositis, glomerulonephritis, and malar rash. Type IV reactions are delayed and are seen in fungal infections and tuberculosis.

Effects on Daily Lives

Symptoms experienced in hypersensitivity reactions negatively affect the quality of life and patient relationships and interactions. Patients must avoid known allergens. Hypersensitive reactions can cause symptoms that can cause marked suffering and even death if not promptly addressed (Zito et al., 2021). Additionally, managing the reactions is expensive regarding time spent and finances to purchase medications. Patients must also adjust their daily lives, which may be uncomfortable for them,avoiding enjoyable places and activities to prevent exposure to allergens.

References

Atanaskovic‐Markovic, M., Gomes, E., Cernadas, J. R., du Toit, G., Kidon, M., Kuyucu, S., Mori, F., Ponvert, C., Terreehorst, I., &Caubet, J. (2019). Diagnosis and management of drug‐induced anaphylaxis in children: An EAACI position paper. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, 30(3), 269–276. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.13034

Marwa, K., & Kondamudi, N. P. (2021). Type IV Hypersensitivity Reaction. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562228/

Son, J. H., Park, S. Y., Cho, Y. S., Chung, B. Y., Kim, H. O., & Park, C. W. (2018). Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions Induced by Triamcinolone in a Patient with Atopic Dermatitis. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 33(12). https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e87

Zito, P. M., Vashisht, R., Vaillan, J., & A, A. (2021). Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions. Nih.gov; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513315/

Topic 4 DQ 1
Discuss characteristic findings of immune dysfunction for either hypersensitivity reactions or AIDS. Explain what symptomology the patient would exhibit and how these symptoms may complicate daily living and relationships.