GCU Pathophysiological Changes findings Multisystem Health Dysfunctions Essay

GCU Pathophysiological Changes findings Multisystem Health Dysfunctions Essay

 

Topic 5 DQ 2

Risk Factors for Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis affects millions of people globally from different ethnic groups. It is a bone disorder that causes significant changes in the biologic material of the bone, causing micro-architectural bone deterioration and reduced bone mass. The resultant reduced bone strength and tension increase the risks of fractures (Pouresmaeili et al., 2018). Despite being asymptomatic, osteoporosis is the commonest cause of fractures in the elderly. Fractures resulting from osteoporosis cause disability, reduced quality of life, severe morbidity, and mortality (Choi et al., 2021). Osteoporosis is classified as primary or secondary, depending on the cause.

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Primary osteoporosis occurs following hormonal changes that cause an imbalance in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, while secondary osteoporosis results from medication use (Porter et al., 2021). Various risk factors increase the chances of developing osteoporosis. The modifiable risk factors include vitamin D deficiency, excessive alcohol, and caffeine intake, endocrine disorders (hyperparathyroidism, insulin-dependent diabetes), drugs (corticosteroids), low calcium intake, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, physical inactivity, and a low body mass index (Ibrahim et al., 2019). Non-modifiable risk factors include increasing age, belonging to a certain ethnic group (Asian, Caucasian), gender (more common in women), and family history (Porter et al., 2021). With advancing age, estrogen and calcitonin reduce while there is an increase in parathyroid hormone. This increases the rate of resorption and bone turnover. Ultimately, the risk factors culminate in loss of bone mass.

Nursing Management

The nurse should encourage people to increase their dietary intake of calcium to strengthen their bones, participate in weight-bearing exercises for optimal bone maintenance, and make lifestyle modifications. Lifestyle changes include reducing alcohol intake, smoking, carbonated drinks, and alcohol. The nurse also administers medications as prescribed, prevents injuries, relieves pain, improves bowel movements, and educates the patient about treatment approaches (Porter et al., 2021). The nurse also assesses the patient to determine physical functioning and ability to perform daily living activities and assist where necessary.

References

Choi, M. H., Yang, J. H., Seo, J. S., Kim, Y., & Kang, S.-W. (2021). Prevalence and diagnosis experience of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women over 50: Focusing on socioeconomic factors. PLOS ONE, 16(3), e0248020. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248020

Ibrahim, N. A., Nabil, N., & Ghaleb, S. (2019). Pathophysiology of the Risk Factors Associated with Osteoporosis and their Correlation to the T-score Value in Patients with Osteopenia and Osteoporosis in the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences, 11(4), 364–372. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_4_19

Porter, J. L., Varacallo, M., & Castano, M. (2021). Osteoporosis (Nursing). PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568781/

Pouresmaeili, F., Kamali Dehghan, B., Kamarehei, M., & Yong Meng, G. (2018). A comprehensive overview on osteoporosis and its risk factors. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, Volume 14, 2029–2049. https://doi.org/10.2147/tcrm.s138000

 

Topic 5 DQ 2

Explain the risk factors for osteoporosis. What can a nurse do to help manage this health condition to restore the patient to optimal health?

Attempt Start Date: 09-Jan-2022 at 11:00:00 PM

Due Date: 14-Jan-2022 at 10:59:59 PM
Maximum Points: 8.0