Autism Spectrum Disorder Study Guide

Autism Spectrum Disorder Study Guide

Description

• Autism, often known as an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), is a developmental disorder marked by difficulties with social skills, repetitive activities or behaviors, speech, and nonverbal communication. (Hyman et al., 2019).
• People with ASD may also learn, move, or pay attention in different ways.

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Signs and symptoms according to the DSM-5-TR

• Persistent deficiencies in social communication and interactions across different situations, including deficits in socio-emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communicative behaviors utilized for social engagement, and creating, sustaining, and understanding relationships (Sauer et al., 2021).
• Restricted, recurring patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, such as repetitive motor motions

Differential diagnoses

• Learning Disability/Intellectual Disability (LD/ID)
• Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
• Social Communication Disorder (SCD)
• Anxiety
• Attachment Disorder
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) (Sauer et al., 2021).

Incidence

• Autism spectrum disorder affects around one in every hundred children worldwide.
• Estimates of prevalence have increased over time and vary significantly within and throughout socioeconomic and demographic groupings(Hyman et al., 2019).

Development and course

• According to research, genetics have a role in the great majority of ASD incidences  (Genovese & Butler, 2020).
• Children born to elderly parents are more likely to have autism  (van ’t Hof et al., 2020).
• Parents who have an autistic kid have a 2 to 18% probability of having another autistic child (Genovese & Butler, 2020).

Prognosis

• The prognosis of ASD patients is closely connected with their IQ (Cheroni et al., 2020).
• Patients with low functioning are unlikely to be able to live independently. they often require residential or assisted living for the remaining years of their lives.
• Patients with high functioning are usually able to live independently, work well, and even get married and have children.

Considerations related to culture, gender, age

• ASD affects individuals of various races, genders, sizes, cultures, and ethnicities (Genovese & Butler, 2020).
• Males are more likely than females to have autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
• Older women and men have a higher probability than younger people to have an autistic child (van ’t Hof et al., 2020).

Pharmacological treatments, including any side effects

Drug Class	Examples	Side effects
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors	fluoxetine and sertraline	uneasy, unsteady, or worried, the sensation or state of being unwell, indigestion, constipation, and diarrhea  (Genovese & Butler, 2020).
Tricyclics	Amitriptyline and doxepin	dry mouth, blurring of eyesight, constipation, and urine passage issues  (Genovese & Butler, 2020).
Psychoactive or antipsychotic medications	risperidone and aripiprazole	weight gain, dry mouth, and constipation  (Genovese & Butler, 2020).
Stimulants	amphetamines	agitation, bladder pain, anxiety, and crying spells

Nonpharmacological treatments

• Timely Intensive Behavioural Intervention like cognitive behavioral therapy
• Picture Exchange Communication System
• Applied Behaviour Analysis
• Naturalistic Developmental Behavioural Interventions

Diagnostics and labs

• There is no medical test to diagnose ASD, such as a blood test (Sauer et al., 2021). To determine a diagnosis, physicians examine the individual’s developmental history and behavior.

Comorbidities

• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects 30% to 61% of autistic children  (Cheroni et al., 2020).
• More than 50% of autistic children experience one or more persistent sleep issues (Cheroni et al., 2020).
• Anxiety problems impact an estimated 11% to 40% of autistic children and adolescents  (Sauer et al., 2021).
• Approximately 7% of children and adolescents and 26% of adults with ASD suffer from depression (Cheroni et al., 2020).

Legal and ethical considerations

• Before executing an evaluation or treatment plan for ASD, physicians must seek informed permission from a patient (Sauer et al., 2021).
• If a patient cannot offer valid approval, informed consent must be sought from his or her legal representative.

Pertinent patient education considerations

• Learn everything you can about autism
• Develop a strong social network
• Explore the preferred autism treatment options
• Gain further insight regarding behavioral training (Sauer et al., 2021).

References

Cheroni, C., Caporale, N., & Testa, G. (2020). Autism spectrum disorder at the crossroad between genes and environment: contributions, convergences, and interactions in ASD developmental pathophysiology. Molecular Autism, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-020-00370-1

Genovese, A., & Butler, M. G. (2020). Clinical Assessment, Genetics, and Treatment Approaches in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(13), 4726. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21134726

Hyman, S. L., Levy, S. E., & Myers, S. M. (2019). Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Pediatrics, 145(1). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-3447

Sauer, A. K., Stanton, J. E., Hans, S., & Grabrucker, A. M. (2021). Autism Spectrum Disorders: Etiology and Pathology. Autism Spectrum Disorders, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.36255/exonpublications.autismspectrumdisorders.2021.etiology

van ’t Hof, M., Tisseur, C., van Berckelear-Onnes, I., van Nieuwenhuyzen, A., Daniels, A. M., Deen, M., Hoek, H. W., & Ester, W. A. (2020). Age at autism spectrum disorder diagnosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis from 2012 to 2019. Autism, 25(4), 862–873. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361320971107

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Create a study guide for your assigned disorder. Your study guide should be in the form of an outline with references, and you should incorporate visual elements such as concept maps, charts, diagrams, images, color coding, mnemonics, and/or flashcards. Be creative! It should not be in the format of an APA paper. Your guide should be informed by the DSM-5-TR but also supported by at least three other scholarly resources.

Areas of importance you should address, but are not limited to, are:

Signs and symptoms according to the DSM-5-TR
Differential diagnoses
Incidence
Development and course
Prognosis
Considerations related to culture, gender, age
Pharmacological treatments, including any side effects
Nonpharmacological treatments
Diagnostics and labs
Comorbidities
Legal and ethical considerations
Pertinent patient education considerations
AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER