Assignment: NURS 6501 Case Study Analysis Advanced Pathophysiology

Assignment: NURS 6501 Case Study Analysis Advanced Pathophysiology

 The case study presents a patient with a history of prostate cancer who has undergone chemotherapy sessions to prevent cancer from spreading in the body. From the lab results, the patient has a PSA of 7.2, and the low back and hip pain may seem that the cancer might have spread to the bone as well (Teo et al., 2019). Therefore, the purpose of this assignment is to analyze the case study and explain factors that affect fertility, why inflammatory makers may rise, and why prostatitis and infection happen. Again the assignment discusses why a patient would need a splenectomy after a diagnosis of ITP.

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The Factors that Affect Fertility in Men’s Health

In the case provided, the patient is likely to face infertility issues, a common problem facing the male gender. Prostate cancer is one of the main problems affecting patients. In most cases, the location of the prostate is in the lower abdomen, just below the bladder. The prostate is a small gland forming part of the reproductive system (Culp et al., 2020). It produces a fluid-forming part of semen. The prostate’s main function is to aid in expelling urine from the body. Therefore, the affected cells around the region would affect the release of semen, which is the main ingredient in reproduction.

The patient has a high PSA of 7.2. The normal PSA in a patient should be between 0-4ng/ML. Elevated PSA is a sign of prostate cancer. This implies that the first chemo process the patient went through did not kill all the cancer cells around the region. Therefore, the cells have been increasing over time, leading to the current inflammation around the region. The inflammatory markers may rise because cancer has spread to the pelvic and hip bones (Culp et al., 2020). The spread causes pain, especially when undertaking duties requiring frequent movement of the pelvic and hip bones. The X-ray also shows a mass near the spine which may be cancer. However, a bone scan would be needed to confirm the mass.

The prostate is common cancer in men over 50 years. One of the most significant risks of this disease is a family history of prostate cancer. The family’s genetic makeup might be the main channel through which the affected genes are passed to other offspring in the lineage (Swami et al., 2020). Secondly, African-American ethnicity is also a risk factor, as studies show that many men from this ethnic community form the highest percentage of prostate cancer patients. Lastly, exposure to harmful chemicals and hormones also causes prostate cancer (Swami et al., 2020). Most men working in factories likely to emit harmful chemicals have a high risk of contracting prostate cancer. Therefore, the man’s case presents signs connecting the patient to spreading prostate cancer.

Why Prostatitis and Infection Happens. Also, Explain the Causes of Systemic Reaction.

Various factors may cause prostatitis and infection. Prostatitis is a type of inflammation around the prostate gland caused by numerous factors. Some things causing prostatitis include trauma, infection, or autoimmune reaction. The spread of cancer to other regions like the bone is called a systematic reaction (Moris et al., 2020). This spread can originate from allergies, toxins, or other unidentified infections in the patient. The treatment plan is likely to involve a combination of medical and surgical interventions that depend on the patient’s severity of the infection.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the additional pain that the patient seems to be feeling in the bones and spine is a sign that the prostate cancer has moved to other areas of the body. The approach that the patient would need must align with the tests that would prove that prostate cancer has affected other regions, such as the bone. Again, the patient’s age and family history also explain a risk factor for the disease. Therefore, the treatment plan will need a combination of medical and surgical interventions.

References

Culp, M. B., Soerjomataram, I., Efstathiou, J. A., Bray, F., & Jemal, A. (2020). Recent global patterns in prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates. European Urology, 77(1), 38-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2019.08.005

Moris, L., Cumberbatch, M. G., Van den Broeck, T., Gandaglia, G., Fossati, N., Kelly, B., … & Wiegel, T. (2020). Benefits and risks of primary treatments for high-risk localized and locally advanced prostate cancer: an international multidisciplinary systematic review. European Urology, 77(5), 614-627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2020.01.033

Swami, U., McFarland, T. R., Nussenzveig, R., & Agarwal, N. (2020). Advanced prostate cancer: treatment advances and future directions. Trends in cancer, 6(8), 702-715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trecan.2020.04.010

Teo, M. Y., Rathkopf, D. E., & Kantoff, P. (2019). Treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Annual Review of Medicine, 70, 479-499. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-051517-011947

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In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following:

The factors that affect fertility (STDs).
Why inflammatory markers rise in STD/PID.
Why prostatitis and infection happens. Also explain the causes of systemic reaction.
Why a patient would need a splenectomy after a diagnosis of ITP.
Anemia and the different kinds of anemia (i.e., micro and macrocytic).
Case Study: A 60-year-old male presents to your clinic. He reports urinary frequency and incontinence since having his chemo and radiation therapy 3 years ago secondary to prostate cancer. Even though the symptoms are bothersome, he is more concerned about his low back and hip pain which began approximately one month ago which he initially attributed to lifting heavy boxes. The pain is now constant and disrupts his sleep. Labs reveal a normal urinalysis and CBC, a PSA of 7.2. A DRE reveals an enlarged, nodular prostate. The x-rays of the LS spine are positive for mild degenerative changes and what appears to be a cystic mass near the spine.

Please ensure that references are current from 2018-current

Please ensure that paper is in 7th edition APA format

***For the written assignment, you will ONLY discuss the sections of the rubric that pertain to the case study. You will be given credit for the sections that do not pertain to the case study above. For example, the case study refers to Men’s Health. Therefore, there is no need to discuss STD/PID, splenectomy after ITP or anemia.