Advanced Pharmacology Paper 

Advanced Pharmacology Paper

Advanced Pharmacology Paper

Week 1

This week we learned about pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacogenetics of drugs. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacogenetics affect the response of patients to medications. Pharmacokinetics largely focus on the way the drugs move in the body. It includes bioavailability, absorption, distribution, excretion, and metabolism of drugs. Slowed pharmacokinetics increase the risk of drug toxicity because of issues such as the accumulation of metabolites and reduced response in disease management. Pharmacodynamics is the study of the biochemical, molecular, and physiologic effects of drugs or their actions. The drugs produce their desired effects by interacting with biological targets and structures at the molecular levels. A change in pharmacodynamics such as lowered drug binding to receptors affect the response to a drug in the treatment process. Pharmacogenetics relates to the effect of genetic factors on drug reactions and actions. The patient’s genetic makeup affects the effectiveness of a prescribed medication (Marino et al., 2022). For example, patients with high levels of metabolizing specific drugs because of their genetic makeup may need frequent or high disease for them to achieve the desired therapeutic concentration and effect.

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The study by Damanhouri et al., (2023) was a systematic review of the impact of metabolomics and pharmacogenetics on the efficacy of metformin in type 2 diabetes. According to the authors, monotherapy in diabetes management often fails to achieve the desired glycemic control in at least a third of the patients due to genetics and inter-individual variations. Variation in genes related to pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the transporters that encode metformin influence metformin response. The review performed by the authors demonstrated that being a hydrophilic drug, the absorption of metformin is high, leading to effective glycemic control in patients that adhere to the prescribed regime. Patient education is crucial for the prevention and minimization of drug reactions and interactions. For example, nurses can use decision aids to enhance the patient’s understanding of effective drug use to minimize unintended effects (Pardiñas et al., 2021). Nurses can also provide follow-up care to ensure adherence among their patients.

References

Damanhouri, Z. A., Alkreathy, H. M., Alharbi, F. A., Abualhamail, H., & Ahmad, M. S. (2023). A Review of the Impact of Pharmacogenetics and Metabolomics on the Efficacy of Metformin in Type 2 Diabetes. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 20(1), 142–150. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.77206

Marino, M., Jamal, Z., & Zito, P. M. (2022). Pharmacodynamics. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507791/

Pardiñas, A. F., Owen, M. J., & Walters, J. T. R. (2021). Pharmacogenomics: A road ahead for precision medicine in psychiatry. Neuron, 109(24), 3914–3929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2021.09.011

Week 2

This week we learned about the different medications that can be used in treating ear, eyes, nose, and throat disorders. The choice of treatment largely depends on factors such as patient’s age, current use of other medications, comorbid conditions, and immune status. For example, a concurrent use of antihistamine agents used in ear, nose, eyes, and throat problems may interact with other agents such as those used for cardiovascular systems to cause unintended harm (Hertz et al., 2021). Besides, patient factors such as immunity affect drug processes that include absorption, metabolism, and excretion.

The study by Yanai et al., (2022) examined the efficacy and safety of non-brain penetrating H1-antihistamines for the treatment of allergic diseases. The drug by inactivating the histamine H1-receptor, which prevent histamine from causing primary symptoms of allergic diseases such as urticaria, rhinorrhea, food allergies, and pollinosis. Despite their effectiveness, most of the H1-antihistamines, they cause adverse reactions such as drowsiness, cognitive impairment, and tachycardia. The authors also show that these drugs are rapidly acting, which prove effective for allergic diseases. Several interventions should be adopted to enhance safety with the use of anti-histamine medications for ear, nose, throat, and eye problems. One of them is providing comprehensive patient education. Nurses should offer health education to enhance the patient’s understanding about the prescribed H1-antihistamines. They should also educate them about the importance of treatment compliance for recovery and minimization of unwanted side effects (Hertz et al., 2021). Innovative strategies such as the incorporation of health technologies into the treatment process to enhance adherence may be considered to minimize adverse effects and drug interactions when using anti-histamine medications.

References

Hertz, D. L., Ramsey, L. B., Gopalakrishnan, M., Leeder, J. S., & Van Driest, S. L. (2021). Analysis Approaches to Identify Pharmacogenetic Associations With Pharmacodynamics. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 110(3), 589–594. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.2312

Yanai, K., Yoshikawa, T., & Church, M. K. (2022). Efficacy and Safety of Non-brain Penetrating H1-Antihistamines for the Treatment of Allergic Diseases. In K. Yanai & M. B. Passani (Eds.), The Functional Roles of Histamine Receptors (pp. 193–214). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2021_265

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Write a peer reviewed research article that corresponds to Week 1 and Week 2. This can be a review article on a disease, research study, qualitative analysis etc. Summarize the article and discuss how it relates to your practice as an Advanced Practice Nurse. (Does not need a cover page. Just need the paragraphs for each week’s topics and references. I would prefer week1 paper to be on page 1, and week 2 paper to be on page 2. Please see attachments for sample paper and lecture notes. Thank you) My paper is due in 48 hours. Please let me know if it cannot be done on time. Thank you for your help.